History of the Counseling Profession Practice Test

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• Which of the following is associated with the trait and factor approach to counseling?
• What trend increased the need for psychological assistants with bachelor's or master's degrees?
• APGA stands for what and what is its relation to ACA?
• Which organization was formerly referred to as APGA and is currently known as ACA?
• Rollo May is known as a key existential theorist contributing to counseling in which decades?
• Which early figure is commonly linked with the rise of guidance as a professional field in America?
• Child guidance clinics were organized in the early 1900s by which organization to improve services for children and their families?
• By which year did the NACMHC offer national certification for mental health counselors?
• Which of the following was NOT listed among the 12 categories added in 1975?
• Which organization's Code of Ethics guides the ethical practice of counselors?
• The American Personnel and Guidance Association formed in 1952 as the forerunner of which modern professional association?
• Who authored Mirror of Men's Lives, which is credited as the first job classification system?
• Vocational rehabilitation centers in the 1950s and today describe what?
• Albert Bandura is best known for which concept?
• The National Vocational Guidance Association formed in 1913 is considered a distant forerunner of which organization?
• IRCEP was created in 2009 by which organization to assist in approving international counseling programs and creating standards?
• Which president is most closely associated with launching the Great Society programs?
• John Krumboltz is recognized for integrating behavioral ideas into which counseling domain?
• Which 1908 figure advocated humane treatment of the mentally ill and wrote A Mind That Found Itself?
• Which profession was described as the first to embrace a systematic psychotherapeutic approach?
• Which approach was NOT among the three popular approaches in the first half of the twentieth century?
• Which service category includes day treatment in the 1975 expansion?
• ACES is a division of ACA focused on which group?
• Derald Sue is widely recognized as a seminal author in which area?
• The influence of the humanistic movement in the 1970s contributed to the development of what in counseling?
• Who developed one of the first guidance curricula in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1907?
• What term describes the globalization of counseling as countries develop programs, adopt their own counseling styles, and adjust credentialing processes?
• In 1961, which organization developed the first guidelines for ethical behavior?
• In which city did Jesse Davis develop one of the first guidance curricula?
• Which work contributed to the shift toward humanistic, nondirective orientation in counseling?
• Lifespan development is described as models that stress what?
• Which three trends were rising during that era and contributed to the counseling profession's development?
• Which of the following was included as a service category after the 1975 expansion?
• Who developed what is considered the first comprehensive theory of counseling, known as the Minnesota Point of View?
• President Lyndon Johnson's _____ established social services agencies throughout the United States.
• What prompted the movement toward a broader approach to vocational guidance in schools?
• Who is credited with developing the First Comprehensive Theory of Counseling, also known as the Minnesota point of view or trait and factor theory?
• The ASGW is the ACA division dedicated to which area?
• AACE stands for which organization?
• Which statement best describes the primary aim of early vocational guidance as practiced in the period described?
• MCGA is a division of which professional association?
• The legislative actions of the 1970s led to diversification of the counseling field into which specialty areas?
• Where did these tests spread beyond vocational counseling?
• The National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 primarily funded training for and expansion of which professionals?
• According to the material, knowledge of developmental tasks is primarily used to.
• Which training approach suggests basic counseling skills can be learned quickly and improve outcomes?
• What is a current key function of vocational rehabilitation centers?
• Early vocational guidance reformers were motivated by moralistic thinking and theories such as which concept?
• Which state became the first to offer licensing for counselors, and in what year?
• The seminal cross-cultural works mentioned in the material were published in which decade?
• Head Start is a federally funded program started in the 1970s that provides what to disadvantaged preschool children?
• Carl Rogers is best known for promoting which counseling orientation?
• In 2003, ACA adopted which focus within competencies?
• What does Ethics refer to in professional counseling?
• Counseling Association for Humanistic Education and Development is now known as what?
• The client-centered approach represented a major shift away from which earlier dominant model?
• Begun in the 1970s, the teaching of _____ skills, based on the skills deemed critical by Carl Rogers and other humanistic counselors, became popular.
• The Economic Opportunity Act was part of which broad policy emphasis in the 1960s?
• Which organization offered national certification for mental health counselors in 1979?
• Electroconvulsive therapy is best described as which treatment?
• The Certified Family Therapist (CFT) credential is developed by which organization and is open to which professionals?
• APGA served as a forerunner to which major professional organization?
• Which of the following is NOT a step in Williamson's trait and factor theory?
• Which counseling approach involves investigating how a client is influenced and changed through interactions with others and was developed by Eric Berne?
• The work Mirror of Men's Lives is associated with which concept in the history of guidance?
• The Wagner O'Day Act established which service?
• In 1908, Anna Reed established vocational guidance in which school system?
• What is the modern equivalent designation for the NACMHC credential?
• IRCEP's creation in 2009 was attributed to which organization?
• What was probably one of the greatest changes in the field during the 1980s and 1990s?
• Which ACA division is described as one of its founding divisions and disaffiliated in 1992?
• What characterized the 1980s and 1990s in terms of professionalism within the counseling field?
• The Minnesota Point of View, a trait and factor approach to counseling, was developed by whom in 1930?
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a mental health disorder induced by exposure to a traumatic event. Which of the following is a typical symptom?
• A core idea of developmental theories in counseling is which statement?
• Guidance counselors in John Brewer's concept are now known as what in modern schools?
• The Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD) is a division of which organization?
• Multicultural counseling is best defined as which of the following?
• Ethical standards of practice are best described as
• In 1994, which organization began offering national certification as Certified Family Therapists?
• Cross-cultural counseling emphasizes the ability and readiness of a counselor to understand which of the following?
• Which statement best describes certification in professional credentialing?
• Which credential typically provides protection of a professional title but does not define the scope of practice?
• Which term best describes directive theories within counseling?
• Child development theories focus on which concept?
• Rational Emotive Therapy, a foundational cognitive-behavioral approach, was developed by which individual?
• Which organization accredits master's programs in counseling?
• Which author is associated with seminal publications in cross-cultural counseling during the 1980s?
• Which theorist is closely associated with the concept of modeling and the social learning perspective?
• The Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW) is a division of which organization?
• The Strong Interest Inventory is primarily used for what purpose?
• Which field includes seminal works published in cross-cultural counseling by Donald Atkinson, William Cross, Paul Pedersen, and Derald Sue?
• In 1991, which organization adopted Multicultural Counseling Competencies?
• The Woodworth Personal Data Sheet is described as one of the first what?
• AAMFT formed in 1945 is primarily associated with which field?
• In the 1980s and 1990s, counselors expanded into which settings?
• Which sequence correctly lists the five steps of Williamson's trait and factor theory?
• By mid-20th century, tests to measure which domains were commonplace?
• Which federal law prohibits racial discrimination in voting in the United States?
• In 1927, the use of tests to assist in vocational counseling was promoted by the development of one of the first major inventories, the ____.
• Which educator developed one of the first guidance curricula in Grand Rapids, Michigan, schools in 1907?
• Which ACA division is dedicated to advocacy and social justice?
• The Rochester Guidance Center is located in which region of the United States?
• The Community Mental Health Centers Act, passed in 1963, primarily provided federal funds to create what?
• Reality therapy identifies five basic needs that drive behavior; which of the following is NOT one of them?
• APGA stood for which organization before being renamed AACD?
• The Minnesota Point of View is another name for which counseling theory?
• In the trait and factor approach, which step involves summarizing and organizing information to understand the problem?
• The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 provided vocational rehabilitation services and counseling for which group?
• Clifford Beers, a Yale graduate, wrote which work that highlighted deplorable mental hospital conditions?
• Which milestone is associated with the year 2002?
• The Manpower Development and Training Act and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act contributed to increased job opportunities for counselors. Which best summarizes this impact?
• Association for Humanistic Counseling [AHC] is a division of ACA for whom?
• The 1990s also saw an increased emphasis on ethics in counseling. Which decade is being described?
• Which 'new' implementations were introduced as part of the evolving field?
• ASCA's national model was approved in which year?
• Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet was an early military instrument used to screen out what?
• What does NBCC stand for?
• From 2000 to present, ACA experienced what trend regarding its divisions?
• In which year was the International Registry of Counselor Education Programs (IRCEP) created by CACREP?
• Which two authors are identified as seminal figures in cross-cultural counseling according to the source material?
• Vocational counseling, as part of the counseling landscape, was expected to have what kind of impact on the field?
• In what year was the first job classification system developed, attributed to Sanchez de Arevalo?
• Which training area was infused into the counselor education curriculum in 2009?
• Which two authors are cited as seminal figures in cross-cultural counseling?
• The Minnesota Point of View in counseling is also known as which theory?
• The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, passed in the late 1960s, aimed to promote improvement in which area?
• In 1992, which organization renamed itself as the American Counseling Association?
• Who developed the rational emotive (cognitive) approach that emerged in the late 1950s and 1960s?
• Who was among the first to apply classical conditioning concepts to clinical settings?
• Which organization became the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD) in 1983?
• Which milestone signifies ACA's governance changes in the 2000s?
• Gestalt Therapy was developed by which theorist?
• At the end of the nineteenth century, dramatic shifts in the United States were partially responsible for the development of which movement and stage for counseling?
• What trend occurred in credentials during the 1980s and 1990s?
• What is a shared feature of psychodynamic approaches?
• Early 20th-century pioneers in vocational guidance and guidance curricula include which pair?
• What was the Vocational Bureau, established by Frank Parsons, designed to do?
• Which federal act of 1963 provided for the establishment of community mental health centers nationwide?
• The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL94-142), enacted in 1975, guaranteed which right?
• Which ongoing factors are noted as influencing counseling along with changes in health care?
• The National Committee for Mental Hygiene lobbied Congress to pass laws to do what?
• In 1982, which body began offering generic certification for counselors?
• APGA stands for which organization?
• The rise of social reform movements, the impact of the Industrial Revolution, and immigration led to a large-scale need for which field?
• Who authored the booklet Choosing a Career and is considered an early vocational guidance advocate?
• The Strong Vocational Interest Blank is best described as which of the following?
• The first part of the twentieth century saw the beginnings of which movement in America?
• Client-centered theories were developed by which psychologist?
• Which of the following is a core component of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy's approach to beliefs?
• Division 17 of the American Psychological Association formally became part of APA in which decade?
• Which figure is associated with directive theories in the early history of counseling?
• Approximately how many community-based mental health centers were established as a result of the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963?
• What did the vocational guidance movement become a major focus on in the early 1900s?
• Which counseling approach emphasizes trusting the client's ability to develop strategies for change and is usually credited to Carl Rogers?
• Paul Pedersen is known for seminal works on cross-cultural counseling in which area?
• Why did clinicians develop new, shorter-term approaches?
• In what year were the CACREP standards first published?
• Williamson's trait and factor theory grew out of the ideas of which early counseling pioneer?
• Technology and online counseling refer to which of the following?
• As expansion occurred, what professional development emerged in the field?
• CACREP's 2009 standards made which area of training mandatory for counselors?
• Viktor Frankl is best described as a founder of which therapy?
• The vocational guidance movement helped set the stage for the establishment of which profession in the early 20th century?
• The Rochester Guidance Center, one of the earliest clinics where Carl Rogers worked, is located in which city?
• Which three focal areas did psychiatry's influence on treatment emphasize?
• In what year was the National Vocational Guidance Association formed?
• The American Association for Developmental and Aging (AADA) division is focused on development with which group?
• What term describes moving a professional license between states?
• College counseling centers were generally staffed by which professionals?
• Which milestone occurred earliest among the listed items?
• When was the last revision of the ACA Code of Ethics?
• How is vocational guidance defined?
• NASW is known for its founding in 1955 as a merger of seven associations. Which discipline does NASW primarily represent?
• The Civil Rights Act of the 1960s primarily prohibited discrimination on which grounds?
• Which event occurred first among the listed CACREP milestones?
• Who is widely regarded as the founder of vocational guidance and a founder of the counseling field?
• In rational emotive behavior therapy, which sequence explains how an activating event leads to beliefs and then to consequences?
• When was the new Ethical Code adopted?
• Which organization was officially formed in 1945?
• Which trend characterized the counseling field in the 1990s?
• Which pairing accurately reflects a year and its associated development?
• The Education of All Handicapped Children Act is associated with which public law number?
• The Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 funded centers to provide which services?
• As clinics spread, what became evident?
• Which organization began organizing the first child guidance clinics?
• What is the relationship between Williamson and Darley and the trait and factor approach?
• Who suggested that guidance be seen in a total educational context in 1932?
• IRCEP's purpose includes approving international counseling programs and what else?
• In what year was the Community Mental Health Centers Act enacted?
• In what year were Multicultural Counseling Competencies adopted by ACA?
• During the Industrial Revolution era, which therapeutic approach was described as being in vogue?
• Pair the person with their contribution: which statement is correct?
• The expansion and diversification of the counseling profession in the 1960s was largely the result of which factor?
• Who, in 1932, proposed that guidance should be viewed in a total educational context?
• The push for licensure portability began in which year?
• The 1932 Wagner O'Day Act established which service?
• Which focus related to advocacy emerged in ACA's competencies in the early 2000s?
• The discovery of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and antianxiety medications and electroconvulsive therapy enabled the release of large numbers of people from state hospitals to local community agencies. This statement describes which development?
• Who developed vocational guidance in New York City schools in 1906?
• Which of the following were cited as part of the Industrial Revolution's impact on counseling?
• In 1907, who developed one of the first guidance curricula focusing on moral and vocational guidance?
• In the 1970s, microcounseling skills training was developed with contributions from which group of individuals?
• In what year was the Education for All Handicapped Children Act enacted?
• The term Great Society refers to what?
• Army Alpha was used for literate recruits in 1917 to determine placement.
• Who is considered the founder of vocational guidance and developed the first comprehensive approach?
• Which organization was founded in 1981 to establish accreditation standards for counseling programs?
• Which event occurred most recently among the listed CACREP milestones?
• Which organization currently certifies the CCMHC credential, inheriting the NACMHC certification?
• Which factors contributed to the rise of multicultural counseling?
• Which act, passed in 1958, allocated funds for training institutes to quickly graduate secondary school counselors?
• Which Supreme Court decision led to deinstitutionalization of mental hospital patients?
• Which general category do Army Alpha and Army Beta illustrate as 1917 testing?
• Which organization organized the early 1900s child guidance clinics?
• Which term describes theories that emphasize that clients require guidance from counselors to make changes in their lives?
• In reality therapy, the counselor's primary task is to help the client do what?
• In the trait and factor approach, what is the first step?
• What do developmental theories emphasize regarding tasks and life stages in counseling?
• _____ initially worked from a psychodynamic perspective, but later revolutionized the practice of counseling with his client-centered approach.
• CACREP accredits master's programs in which of the following areas?
• NASW was founded in 1955 from a merger of how many associations?
• Which item was not among the 12 service categories added in 1975?
• The master's degree in counseling originated as a degree in which field?
• The term 'child development' refers to theories that emphasize what?
• From 2000 to present, what happened to credentialing across states?
• Which instrument, introduced in 1927, was one of the first major vocational interest inventories and remains widely used in revised form?
• In 1991, which organization proposed and adopted Multicultural Competencies to guide multicultural training?
• Which topic was identified as a cutting-edge issue in the first decade of the 2000s?
• The expansion of need for counselors is linked to which U.S. policy initiatives?
• The Certified Family Therapist credential is sponsored by which organization?
• Which therapy emphasizes unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence as core conditions for change?
• In 1975 Congress expanded the original act and extended the service categories from 5 to how many?
• In the early 1900s, which book did Beers write that helped to spark reform in mental health care?
• What is the title of Carl Rogers' second book in the 1950s that influenced the shift toward humanistic, nondirective orientation?
• What led to development of similar instruments in schools, business, and industry?
• What issue is described regarding license portability for licensed counselors?
• Which statement best characterizes behavioral approaches?
• Counselors expanded into nontraditional settings beyond schools and clinics. Which statement is true?
• The Strong Vocational Interest Blank, first issued in 1927, is still widely used today in revised form. True or False?
• Which three counseling approaches were particularly popular in the first half of the twentieth century?
• Which shift in mental health service delivery occurred as a result of 1960s federal policy?
• Which organization offered the first credentialing for counselors in 1973?
• Which act passed in 1975 provided access to education within the least restrictive environments?
• Developmental theories in this decade were promoted in which areas to depathologize individuals?
• Army Beta was used in 1917 for illiterate recruits.
• Which title corresponds to the publication widely credited as introducing the first job classification system?
• The Army Alpha test, introduced in 1917, is best known for what?
• In 2002, which competencies were adopted by ACA?
• As of 2010, all 50 states in the United States offer licensing of professional counselors. Which state was the last to join?
• The 1990s also saw an increased emphasis on which area?
• The 1963 act that funded nationwide mental health centers is named what?
• Vocational guidance was described as being here to stay and would influence which aspect of counseling?
• The Great Society Initiatives of the 1960s led to the development of social service agencies nationwide under which president?
• The Strong Interest Inventory, introduced in 1927, is one of the first to assist in which area?
• By 1910, how many cities had plans for the establishment of vocational guidance in their schools?
• Which act in 1973 ensured access to vocational rehabilitation services for adults and increased the need for trained rehabilitation counselors?
• Clifford Beers helped establish which organization focused on mental hygiene?
• Which statement about credentialing is accurate?
• During the 1950s, the counseling profession shifted toward which orientation?
• Who developed a nondirective approach to counseling in the 1940s?
• What is the current name of ACA's founding division that disaffiliated in 1992?
• Which book by Frank Parsons helped establish vocational guidance in schools?
• Which credential is the most rigorous and typically set by the state?
• The 1994 IAMFC certification was for which field?
• When was DSM-5 published?
• Which organization created the International Registry of Counselor Education Programs (IRCEP)?
• The 20/20 Standards are described as a new vision for counseling. In which year did they become part of the CACREP framework?
• What developments in the 1950s affected counseling within educational settings?
• Which field primarily uses the Strong Vocational Interest Blank as a tool for assessment?
• College counseling centers, in line with the era, adopted which approach to working with students?
• The Minnesota Point of View is best described as which of the following?
• National credentialing first became a reality in 1973 when certification was offered by which organization?
• The 20/20 Standards are described as what?
• Overall, what trend characterized the counseling profession from the 1960s through the 1990s?
• Psychodynamic approaches include which therapies?
• The Military and Government Counseling Association (MCGA) primarily focuses on which areas?
• Which figure is associated with the early development of vocational guidance in the Seattle school system?
• In which year did CACREP introduce new standards signaling a major update to the framework?
• Which statement best captures the relationship between cross-cultural counseling and cultural identity?
• Which statement best describes globalization in counseling?
• During this decade, counselors increasingly staffed vocational rehabilitation centers to address needs of individuals who had been seriously injured during which conflict?
• What does the 'Follow-up' step in the trait and factor approach emphasize?
• Which organization is principally responsible for accrediting counseling programs and related educational programs?
• In what year were the New CACREP Standards introduced?
• Which profession was not listed among the staff of the first child guidance clinics?
• Who is viewed as the founder of guidance in America and was greatly influenced by the social reform movements of the time?
• The release of many people from state hospitals to community agencies was enabled by which combination of developments?
• The original name of the Association of Assessment and Research in Counseling (AARC) was which of the following?
• Who is associated with the development of rational emotive therapy?
• What does NACMHC stand for?
• Also from 2000 to present, which practice focus was emphasized?
• John Brewer's broader view included which functions?
• What policy initiative is associated with expanding social services during the 1960s in the United States?
• Microcounseling skills training is best described as
• Which author is known for seminal works in cross-cultural counseling?
• The Great Society era is characterized by expanding federal involvement in social programs. Which is a hallmark?
• The AMCD focuses on which of the following areas?
• The Manpower Development and Training Act was designed to create opportunities for which groups?
• Which individual established guidance services in the Seattle school system in the late 1800s, influencing plans for vocational guidance in about 1910 for 35 cities?